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It is generally assumed that urea is nontoxic and that even the high concentrations present in uremia are innocuous and do not contribute to the symptoms encountered in this condition. In support of this assumption is the fact that the blood in the elasmobranch fishes contains 330 to 440 mM(about 2 per cent) of urea per L. The original purpose of the present study was to utilize this assumed inertness of urea in order to determine the effect of the presence of one molecular species in high concentration on the electrolyte and water composition of the body. However, it soon became apparent that urea in high concentrations, contrary to the generally accepted notion, was lethal and that many of the abnormalities noted in uremia could be elicited by this substance.

TOXICITY OF UREA AND ITS ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF UREMIA*