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Clinical use of radioisotopes requires careful consideration of their human toxicity, both from the standpoint of the patient and from that of the individuals who must handle the isotopes before administration and the excreta afterwards. One must take into account not only the possibility of acute overdosage but also the potentially serious end-results of the fixation in the body of isotopes, particularly those of long half-life, which may lead to chronic radioelement poisoning. Such information as we have regarding radioisotope toxicity is largely indirect. Knowledge of the physical characteristics of the radiation emitted by an isotope, combined with information regarding its metabolic fate, enables us to make approximate calculations of tissue dosage. The pathologic effects of a given tissue dosage have been ascertained only in a few instances, using experimental animals; in other instances pathologic consequences of isotope administration are described but the exact tissue dosage has not been established. Translation of these results to man has been attainable only in the case of radium, where it is known that malignant tumors have occurred in individuals harboring less than one-hundredth the tissue concentration necessary to produce comparable results in experimental animals. Yet the catastrophic consequences of radium absorption in a relatively small number of exposed human subjects have resulted in a wholly justifiable conservatism in our attitude towards human exposure to other radioelements.

BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS AND TOXICITY OF RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES