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The comparison of the excretion of male and female hormone-like substances with the clinical expressions of disease may be expected to teach us the extent to which studies of the urine reveal the changing functions of the gonads and may help to illuminate the difficult pathological physiology of such obscure processes as virilism and gynecomastia. As a step in this direction we are presenting data on castration in the male, eunuchoidism, hypopituitarism, bilateral cryptorchidism without alteration in secondary sex characters, gynecomastia, precocious puberty and virilism. The assays were conducted according to the technique of Gallagher, Koch and Dorfman (1) as outlined in the preceding paper dealing with the normal (2). In all cases complete urine collections were secured through a number of days. During the bulk of the work the acidified urine was boiled for two hours to insure the maximum yield of estrogenic material. When it was learned that briefer boiling gives measurably higher values for male hormone than either boiling for two hours or none at all, this procedure was introduced in a few instances. The urine was then extracted with benzene in a continuous extractor, the benzene distilled off and the residue distributed between ether and 10 per cent aqueous sodium hydroxide. Ninety-five per cent of the estrogenic material passes into the alkali and none of the androgenic. The androgenic fraction was assayed on from four to seven capons according to the technique of Gallagher and Koch (3) and the estrogenic fraction on ten spayed adult female rats, according to the vaginal spread technique of D'Amour and Gustavson (4). As emphasized in the preceding paper, rigid comparisons were always made with standard preparations to permit control of the inevitable variations in the animal

THE URINARY EXCRETION OF ANDROGENIC AND ESTROGENIC SUBSTANCES IN CERTAIN ENDOCRINE STATES. STUDIES IN HYPOGONADISM, GYNECOMASTIA AND VIRILISM 1