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Preserved in what have come to be called the ‘uncertain books’ (libri incerti) of Oribasius’ Medical Collections are four texts on regimen (δίαιτα) attributed to the Pneumatist physician, Athenaeus of Attalia. In these texts, Athenaeus distinguishes two types of exercise or training (γυμνάσια) that are required at each stage of life: training of the body and training of the soul.0F1 He says that training of the body includes activities like physical exercises, eating, drinking, bathing and sleep.1F2 Training of the soul, on the other hand, consists of thinking, education, and emotional regulation—what one might otherwise call ‘philosophy.’ While some notion of ‘training of the soul’2F3 and the related contrast between ‘bodily’ and ‘psychic’ exercise is common in the Socratic tradition from Plato to the Stoics,3F4 Athenaeus is nevertheless the earliest extant medical author to distinguish these kinds of training and to treat them as equally important aspects of regimen.4F5 My aim in this paper is to propose some reasons why he

Athenaeus of Attalia on the Psychological Causes of Bodily Health*