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The future of any society depends on the next generation. Thus, providing individuals access to education and opportunities for participating in a country’s development should be considered a necessity. In Ethiopia until the end of the 19th century, however, there was only traditional education, which was virtually controlled by the Orthodox Church. Modern education was introduced at the beginning of the 20th century when Emperor Menelik established the first secular public school in 1907. Later, Emperor Haileselassie, who had recognized himself as the father of modern education in Ethiopia (Balsvik 1985; Wagaw 1990), expanded access to primary and secondary education. This created a demand for higher education to which the government responded by establishing the first higher education institution in the country in 1950, the University College of Addis Ababa (ucaa). In 1961, the ucaa was renamed Haileselassie i University (hsiu) and the Emperor became its first chancellor. At this time there was very little access to higher education but those who got the opportunity had actively participated in various national affairs. Students’ active participation in their countries’ political, social and cultural issues can be considered a global phenomenon that emerged in the mid-1880s (Zewde 2014). University students comprise one youth group that has been striving to bring political and social changes across post-colonial Africa, described in a study titled, Student protest – university and state in Africa 1960–1995, (Balsvik 1998). Demonstrating their contempt for the capitalist system as a strategy for development, and their leaders’ abuse of power, “[t]he students took upon themselves to be the conscience of the nation and the spokesmen of the downtrodden”. In their self-image they were “more responsible for the future development of their countries than other groups” (Balsvik 1998, 316). This indicates university students’ firm aspirations to be present in the process of social and political change. The Ethiopian student movement became one of the strongest of its kind in Africa, and one of the vanguards of the international wave of student activism

Students’ Participation in and Contribution to Political and Social Change in Ethiopia