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The teaching of Arabic in Rome was primarily guided by Catholic missionary activity. The rise of the study of the languages, and especially eastern languages, was promoted by the Congregation of Propaganda Fide, a pontifical congregation founded in 1622 in order to coordinate missionary activities under the direction of the Pope. In the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, Roman officials attributed a special importance to the mission of the Middle East. After the abandonment of major crusading projects the belief developed that the conversion of Muslims would be possible by pursuing a policy of cultural influence. Above all, it was hoped that the return of the ‘schismatic’ or ‘heretical’ Eastern Christian Churches into the Catholic fold would be quick and easy.1 This optimism with regard to missionary activities in the Levant, which faded in the second half of the seventeenth century and even more during the century that followed, led in Rome to the encouragement of institutions preparing members of the religious orders for the mission in these lands. Ever since its foundation, the Propaganda had been deeply committed to the study of languages on the part of the missionaries, for whom it was vital to be prepared to disseminate the principles of the Catholic faith in the tongues of the intended recipient populations. The Propaganda explicitly recovered

7 Teaching and Learning Arabic in Early Modern Rome: Shaping a Missionary Language