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There is no need to stress the importance of the term and the concept of tawḥīd in two closely interrelated intellectual domains of the Islamic tradition: theol ogy and philosophy. The affirmation of the oneness and uniqueness of God— both ideas are generally subsumed under the ambiguous term ‘unity’—is at the center of Islamic theology (and not only as far as the Muʿtazilites are con cerned). Tawḥīd means, in fact, that unity (oneness and uniqueness) is recog nized as such in God, and this concept forms the basis of Islamic theology. Together with ʿilm alkalām, theology itself, as exemplified in alGhazālī, bears the simple name of ʿilm al-tawḥīd, which indicates “the science of (divine) unity” or, literally, “the science of believing and affirming (divine) unity.”1 One might even say that, from a theoretical point of view, Islam in itself is built on this foundation. Islam as such could be defined as the fundamental acknow ledgement of a God who is absolutely one and unique, and hence the omnipo tent sovereign who must be obeyed. Prayer, law, mysticism, rational efforts to conceive God, and even art find inspiration in Islam in this absolute idea of God. Analogously, and still from a theoretical perspective, the insurmountable difference between Islam and Christianity lies in the different conceptions of monotheism the two religions express: divine oneness and uniqueness have an absolute character in Islam, whereas in Christianity they give rise to an inter nal aporetic modulation which, in a sense, includes humanity within the limits of divinity.2

8 What Does Tawḥīd Mean? Yaḥyā ibn ʿAdī’s Treatise on the Affirmation of the Unity of God between Philosophy and Theology