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Ecologically and politically speaking, the seventeenth century was a turbulent and unstable century.1 There was a minor ice age going on. Crops failed and dangerous diseases like the plague and typhoid fever caused many deaths. Europe was ravaged by power struggles and wars. The Thirty Years’ War (1618– 1648) called forth a vicious circle of violence, which in the Habsburg empire alone claimed eight million lives.2 For the inhabitants the consequences of the massacres and sackings were nearly incalculable. Not long after the Peace of Westphalia, Louis XIV (1638–1715) was crowned king of France in 1654. His expansive power politics brought a new wave of warfare over Western Europe, which we are introduced to in the document on the Dutch War. Contributions from the history of mentality show the toll this took on the seventeenth century mind. People became anxious and confused.3 Structures of interpretation, certainly religious ones, were put under pressure and events were interpreted on the basis of personal experiences and subjectively ex-

2 Maria Petyt against the Background of the Political and Religious Situation in Flanders in the Seventeenth Century