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The year 1610, as Floris Cohen has noted, marked a signal moment in the history of science.1 In that year, Galileo Galilei, Professor of Mathematics at the University of Padua, announced his discoveries with the telescope, including the craters of the Moon, several clouds of stars, and the moons of Jupiter, in a book he called the Sidereus nuncius (‘The Starry Messenger’).2 He wrote in a limpid Latin to reach an international community of readers; such was the importance of his message. The book was published in Venice, not only because Venice was the center of Italy’s printing industry, but also because Galileo’s home institution, the University of Padua, was that city’s de facto university, chartered by the Venetian Republic rather than a Pope or a monarch.3 The title page of the Starry Messenger reveals, however, that Galileo harbored ulterior plans for his own career, for it records the fact that he has named the moons of Jupiter the Medicean Stars, paying homage to the sons of Cosimo II de’ Medici, the Grand Duke of Tuscany.4 A Tuscan himself and a restless soul by nature, Galileo was hoping for an appointment to the University of Pisa, at a much higher salary and with greater prestige than Padua was willing to provide. The naming of the stars may have played a smaller role than the magnitude of Galileo’s achievement in furthering his career, but he was certainly summoned shortly thereafter to join the faculty at Pisa, the shining star in that university’s academic firmament.5 In early seventeenth-century Tuscany, the language of choice, from lofty diplomatic correspondence to exchanges on the street, was Tuscan vernacular. Galileo, of course, would feel perfectly at home; other professors, like Paganino Gaudenzio, born in an Alpine valley of what is now Switzerland, were put at

6 Science and Rhetoric: From Giordano Bruno’s Cena de le Ceneri to Galileo’s Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems