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In the early days of France’s Third Republic colonial administrators on the tiny island-colony of Guadeloupe extolled the Frenchness and patriotism of the local working population, most of whom were descendants of slaves freed in 1848. Official visits, Bastille Day celebrations, and work festivals all provided officials an opportunity to praise the population’s “profound attachment...to Republican institutions...their wisely liberal aspirations and respect for authority.”1 No matter how they described it, nearly all agreed that local workers of color deserved inclusion in the French nation as citizens because, in short, they were French. Officials further backed these claims with concrete legislation that solidified the political status and rights of Guadeloupean citizens. Between 1870 and 1900 the Third Republic re-established universal male suffrage on the island, reaffirmed the right of Guadeloupeans to elect representatives to the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate in Paris, and also included them in key pieces of legislation, namely the 1884 law legalizing unions and other forms of association. By 1910, however, a strikingly different set of discourses and policies had emerged. In the face of mounting economic and social problems, colonial officials revised their conception of Guadeloupe’s worker-citizens of color. In subsequent years Guadeloupean men of color retained their official status as French citizens, but the content of this citizenship diverged significantly from that held by metropolitan Frenchmen. Above all, Republican officials excluded Guadeloupeans from new forms of state assistance and benefits being offered to metropolitan working citizens. In addition, officials undercut the political rights of Guadeloupeans and limited their right to unionize and strike. By the beginning of World War i Guadeloupeans of color had become second-class citizens. This article examines the declining status of Guadeloupean workers of color in the early Third Republic; it does so by considering the way that changes in

Citizens of the Empire? Indentured Labor, Global Capitalism and the Limits of French Republicanism in Colonial Guadeloupe