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This chapter focuses on the evolution of town planning in the Netherlands Indies from the beginning of the twentieth century onwards and on the role this – at the time – still new discipline played in the modernization of the Dutch colony and independent Indonesia. What made development in the Netherlands Indies remarkable is that twentieth-century town planning, alongside other disciplines, contributed to a significant extent to the colony’s modernization. The chapter does not go into concrete town plans, but is in large part devoted to reflections on town planning by architects and local administrators, framed in the administrative context and against the background of the specific conditions in the Indies. Architects and town planners followed trends in their field back in the Netherlands rather closely, adopting, for instance, the idea that the city should be seen as a coherent entity, that general expansion planning and even regional planning were necessary to that end, that statistical data and a survey were indispensable for the formulation of large-scale planning, and that traffic was an important factor to be considered in the formulation of a town plan. Town planning not only played an important role in the modernization of the Netherlands Indies, but also in the social integration of the colony. In the plural society of the Netherlands Indies, ethnic boundaries hindered social interaction. State policy often targeted, explicitly or implicitly, one ethnic category. Town planners, in contrast, increasingly looked at the city as an organic whole, in which people from all ethnic and social backgrounds had to find a place. Town planners therefore championed not just the interests of European inhabitants, but increasingly also the interests of the indigenous population as well as ‘indigenous’ approaches to resolve problems. The result was the gradual emergence of a modern town planning quite specific to the Netherlands Indies: inspired by architecture and town planning trends in the Netherlands while adapted to local conditions. The grounds that underpinned and steered Netherlands Indies town planning ran parallel to and to a certain extend accommodated and facilitated the

Netherlands Indies Town Planning: An Agent of Modernization (1905–1957)