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This article examines the relationship between knowledge, political counsel, and reason of state in Giovanni Botero (1544–1617). Botero is primarily known as the champion of Catholic reason of state, mainly on account of his treatise  Ragion di stato . I argue that Botero marks a watershed in the history of European political thought not because of his response to Machiavelli, but on account of his conscious and innovative integration of different field of knowledge into a new language of the state. He is the first to capture convincingly the reality of the Counter-Reformation state and European global expansion. While Botero writes with a view to serve the universal church and Catholic secular princes, his language transcends confessional boundaries. This argument is made with reference to  Delle cause della grandezza delle città  (1588) and  Ragion di stato  (1589), though it could be extended into his  Le relazioni universali  (1591–96).

Knowledge and Counsel in Giovanni Botero’s Ragion di stato