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In this context, the extraordinary incidence of popular revolts in the inscriptional record of the reign of Devaraya II (1422-46) provides an excellent vantage point for an examination of the relations between social classes and the state in the Vijayanagara era. These inscriptions, recording as they do the proclamations of the popular classes in re bellion,2 are an eloquent testimony to their strength and vigour. Epi graphical references to these revolts, however, remain confined to the Tamil country and are absent from the Telegu and Kannada countries regions which constituted the heartland of the Empire. Moreover, even in the Tamil country, the sources do not record incidences of similar protests by peasants and artisans after circa 1450. These temporal and spatial dimensions of the revolts, it will be argued here, illustrate the changing nature of the relations between the nucleus of Vijayanagara power and the peripheral areas over which it claimed hegemony.

Popular revolts and the state in Medieval South India: A study of the Vijayanagara empire (1360-1565)