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Few figures loom larger in the history of militant Islamism in Indonesia than Sekarmaji Marjam Kartosuwiryo (1905-1962). Kartosuwiryo was a leader in the proudly anti-colonial Sarekat Islam party who, in the aftermath of the Dutch re-invasion of West Java in 1947-1948, established the Darul Islam (DI) movement. Disappointed with what they regarded as Republican acquiescence to Dutch demands, on 7 August 1949 Kartosuwiryo and his comrades upped the ante, establishing the Islamic State of Indonesia (Negara Islam Indonesia, NII). Although Masyumi, the leading Muslim party in government at the time, struggled desperately to devise a non-violent solution, NII militias soon clashed with the fledgling Republic’s armed forces in West Java. In late 1950, Kartosuwiryo rebuffed efforts by Prime Minister Muhammad Natsir to reach an accord, because, as Chiara Formichi explains in this timely study, ‘Kartosuwirjyo was committed to defending the “sacred right” . . . of the Islamic ummah to live in an Islamic state’ (p. 155). The conflict dragged on until Kartosuwiryo’s capture and, after an accelerated trial, execution in 1962. Over the next decades, Kartosuwiryo was denounced by Pancasila nationalists as a traitor. Muslim activists portrayed him as a dedicated religious nationalist led astray by the chaos of the postcolonial period. The Darul Islam underground, and the Jemaah Islamiyah network that emerged from its ranks in the 1990s, lionized Kartosuwiryo as a principled fighter in the jihad to establish God’s law in Indonesia. Chiara Formichi’s Islam and the making of the Nation is based on a substantial revision of a Ph.D. submitted in 2009 to the School of Oriental and African Studies at the University of London. In an effort to present a ‘balanced account’ (p. 12) of the man, the book draws on an impressive array of materials, including archival reports, Kartosuwiryo’s writings, and studies of the DI published from the 1950s to the 2000s. The author explains that her book also aims ‘to bring religion back into the analysis of Darul Islam, taking Islam not just as a means for rallying popular support . . ., but rather as the ideological foundation of Kartosuwiryo’s activities’ (p. 6). Following a preface that outlines the book’s content and aims, Chapter 1 describes the origins and early growth of the Indonesian nationalist movement.

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Chiara Formichi, Islam and the Making of the Nation: Kartosuwiryo and Political Islam in 20th Century Indonesia. Leiden: KITLV Press, 2012, xviii + 244 pp. ISBN 9789067183864. Price: EUR 26.20 (paperback).