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dostomatidae with characteristics so bizarre that McLachlan (1876) referred to this group as the ‘curiosity shop’ of Trichoptera. Adult males of Lepidostomatidae exhibit a variety of secondary sexual modifications, especially those of the maxillary palps, antennal scapes, wings, and forelegs. In the genus Lepidostoma, secondary sexual characters are more highly modified than in other genera of the family, and are so different that often their unique characteristics can be used to distinguish between closely related species which have similar male genitalia. Many species have the male antennal scapes each with a varied combination of the following characters: basal process and/or other processes bearing large, uniquely modified setae; mesal or lateral basal cavities sometimes bearing numerous vertical striations; false joint near midlength; and bulbous. In other species these modifications are absent and the male scape is simple and nearly cylindrical. The male maxillary palps are usually modified; the first segment sometimes has extra apical or mesal lobes and the second segment may be spatulate or lobiform, flexible, and quite variable in length. Sometimes other body parts are modified to accommodate the maxillary palps, such as cavities in the frons or in the mesal surfaces of the scapes within which the apices of the maxillary palps are concealed. The scapes of some Chinese species each have a subapicoventral, knoblike process that is held by a spatulate apical segment of each maxillary palp. The shape, size, and number of the setal warts of the head, pronotum, and metanotum can vary greatly; sometimes small cavities or protrusions are found on the mesoscutum. The male foretibiae are notched or broadly expanded in some species. Male forewings often have costal folds of various length and width. Furthermore, all of these secondary sexual characters bear variously modified setae and scales. An important consideration is the inability to discover reliable larval characters that are diagnostic for many of the proposed genera, subgenera, and species groups within the Lepidostomatidae (Kerr & Wiggins 1993, Ross 1946). However, a number of monophyletic species groups in North America can be recognized by their different larval cases and geographic distributions (Weaver 1988).

A synonymy of the caddisfly genus Lepidostoma Rambur (Trichoptera: Lepidostomatidae), including a species checklist