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This article aims to develop a new narrative of changes in the Ottoman  timar  system independent of the complaints of decline brought by advice writers like Mustafa ‘Ali. Based on the  icmal defterleri , it examines the identities of  timar -holders and their changes over time, a topic generally ignored in descriptions of the Ottoman military. Using data from earlier studies, it connects changes in  timar -holding with changing conditions in the sultans’ reigns. It then takes a longer-term look at these changes over the half-centuries and finds the well-known complaints in the  nasihatnameler  to be based on a very short-term view of the system.

Historicizing the Ottoman Timar System: Identities of Timar-Holders, Fourteenth to Seventeenth Centuries