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The Pauline Le ers are read today in two respects: they are treated on the one hand historically, that is, as documents from the past. But at the same time they are also accepted as a religious message which is valid beyond its original context and mutatis mutandis for all Christians. This way of reading the Pauline Le ers is not a compromise of modern historical studies and traditional Christian belief, but goes back to the Christians in the fi rst century A.D. who copied the le ers of Paul and passed them on to other churches not intended originally as their addressees. Although no papyrus fragments dating from the time of Paul or shortly a er his death (ca. 60 A.D.) have been preserved,1 we have no reason to doubt that the Pauline le ers were already being duplicated for repeated reading or for circulation in the fi rst century. They were treated as documents to be read also in churches whose members were neither primary recipients nor necessarily faced the issues dealt with in the le ers. Otherwise it would be quite diffi cult to explain, for example, how Clement of Rome in the 90s of the fi rst century2 was accessible to the First Corinthians (cf. 1 Clem. 47:1–3).

BEYOND THE ORIGINAL CONTEXT: RECEPTION OF THE PAULINE LETTERS IN THE FIRST CENTURY