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Males of most anuran species vocalize, defend and maintain their territories (Wells, 1997) by acoustic communication. Calls play an important role in anuran communications, and particularly in male-male acoustic competition and female choice (Bastos and Haddad, 2002). In many species of frogs, males fight for receptive females, territories or other resources (Gerhardt et al., 2000; Tarano, 2001; Bastos and Haddad, 2002). Moreover, male frogs maintain spatial separation between each other through vocalization (Ribeiro Matos and Hass, 2000; Rand and Drewry, 1994). In addition to the vocalization, many diurnal and few nocturnal species of anurans use visual display patterns during intra-specific communication during both agonistic and courtship interactions (Haddad and Giaretta, 1999; Hödl and Amezquita, 2001; Hartmann et al., 2004). Courtships of nocturnal Hylids from Brazil have been reported to involve stereotyped behavioral sequences with vocalisation and visual displays (Hartmann et al., 2004; Abrunhosa and Wogel, 2004). Males have been reported to use inflated vocal sac with conspicuous pigmentation (Rosenthal et al., 2004) and various body postures (Linquist and Hetherington, 1996) for female attraction. However, visual displays involving the limb signalling has been reported as the most distinctive anuran visual display (Pombal et al., 1994; Halloy and Espinoza, 1999-2000). The use of foot

Visual and acoustic communication in an endemic stream frog, Micrixalus saxicolus in the Western Ghats, India