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IntroductionThe study of pathogenetic mechanisms of nonpsychotic adolescent age mental disorders is due to their high frequency, the considerable socio-economic burden placed on affective and neurotic states, drug addiction, behavior disorders, and suicide. Researchers pay special attention to the psychopathological, etiological, pathogenetic and therapeutic aspects of depressive states discovered at late adolescent and early mature ages (Kopeiko & Oleichik, 2007; Oleichik, 2011). The diffusion of affective pathology during adolescences varies from 13 to 40 percent according to various sources (Marceli, 1998; Kopeiko & Oleichik, 2007). Adolescent depression cases differ significantly from mood disorders, arising in a later age and exhibiting different clinical characteristics (Brodaty et al., 2005; Oleichik, 2011). These cases are specified by different psychosocial scars (Rohde, Lewinsohn, Seeley, 1994) associated with a greater number of comorbid mental disorders (Rohde, Lewinsohn & Seeley, 1991), and double the risk of emergence of addictive behaviors (Chilcoat & Breslau, 1998; Christie et al., 1988) and suicide (Balazs et al., 2013). However, only a third of patients seek help (Aalto-Setala et al., 2002).Cognitive disorders of one type or another attend almost all forms of mental pathology. Non-psychotic mental disorders (affective, neurotic and personality disorders) at an adolescent age substantially determine a patients clinical picture in terms of higher educational and work load at this specific age (Kopeiko & Oleichik, 2007; Oleichik, 2011). The latest research shows that the cognitive component of depression influences the quality of social (educational, occupational) adaption and everyday functioning (Evans et al., 2013). Considerable research is dedicated to studying cognitive disorders that accompany depressive and phobic anxiety disorders during adolescence. However, several authors find most of the questions (especially on the pathogenetic role of the mentioned group of symptoms) to be open because of the methodological dissociation of present-day approaches in studying cognition in psychiatry and clinical psychology.Non-psychotic affective disorders during adolescence are represented by three large units (excluding organic depressions and drug-induced depressions): affective illnesses (bipolar disorder spectrum), personality disorders, and schizophrenia. Contemporary studies on neurocognitive functioning at these nosologies display three aspects. First, different authors apply diverse assessment complexes which do not stand on a single theoretical basis. This difference in approach leads to content inter-comparison conflicts and causes considerable difficulties for data analysis. Second, the majority of studies analyze the nosotypical "cognitive profile" and its connection to different clinical characteristics (e.g., psychopathological symptoms severity on scales, duration of disease, and therapy) and genetic polymorphisms (endophenotypic approach). Possible cerebric mechanisms of cognitive deficit sometimes are not considered, or the neuropsychological facts conflict with neurovisualization data. Third, most researchers study only a minor quantity of clinical variants in the nosologies concerned. Therefore, considering the sufficient understanding of bipolar affective disorder with moderate and hard severity phases, no neuropsychological studies on cyclothymia (soft bipolar disorder) exist. The neurocognitive profile of antisocial, borderline and schizotypal personality disorders has been well-studied. However, neuropsychological studies on other personality disorders (according to the international classifications standard) are either lacking or insufficient. Finally, only a small group of studies is dedicated to the neuropsychological analysis of adolescent pathology. The pathoplastic role of a pubertal factor is almost never considered. Most of the described drawbacks and restrictions in foreign neuropsychological research on non-organic mental disorders are noted by the authors themselves as well as by the authors conducting meta-analyses and reviews (Quraishi & Frangou, 2002; Ruocco, 2005; Lenzenweger, 2010). …

Neuropsychological findings in personality disorders: A.R. Luria’s Approach