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memory and cognitive control specific to ApoE-e4 is contradictory. The objective of our research was to assess episodic memory and cognitive control in healthy ApoE-e4 carriers. Cognitively healthy ApoE-e4 carriers (13 e4/e4 heterozygotes) and noncarriers (22 e3/e3 homozygotes), who were matched on age and family history of DAT, were compared on episodic-memory and cognitive-control tasks. Episodic-memory tasks were verbal and visual recognition tasks with a systematic variation of distractor-to-target similarity. Executive functions were assessed by a task for updating working memory, an inhibition task, and a switching task. Working-memory capacity was also assessed. The results showed that executive functions were generally not impaired in the car riers, but carriers showed a specific increase in accuracy-related switch costs. Workingmemory capacity was not reduced in the carriers. In the domain of episodic memory, the carriers were found to make more errors with phonetic distractors in the verbal episodicmemory task. They also tended to make more errors with visually dissimilar distractors in the visual episodic-memory task. The results are indicative of an episodic-memory deficit specific to the carriage of ApoE-e4. This deficit may be driven either by deficits in storage or by deficits in the encoding of the to-be-remembered material. Contradictory results concerning the presence of an episodic-memory deficit obtained in previous studies may stem from small effect sizes, the use of specific materials, and the employment of attention-intensive encoding strategies. The carriers also showed a switching deficit that possibly is related to difficulty in retrieving task rules from episodic memory. Existing empirical contradictions concerning the presence of an executive deficit in carriers may in part depend on the extent

Cognitive control and memory in healthy ApoE-ε4 carriers with a family history of Alzheimer’s disease