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Adoption is defined in ECA (Estatuto da Crianca e do Adolescente,1994) as a modality of putting a person into a substitute family. It happens through a judicial process in which the specific competence is of the Judge of Childhood and Adolescence. It only occurs when all possibilities to return the child to the original family have been considered.Therefore it is necessary for the biological parents to authorize officially. This is called destitution of parenthood. ECA (1994) says that adoption gives the condition of parenthood to the people who adopt. It promotes the insertion of the child into the family environment in a definitive way. It is irrevocable. The adoptive parents have to be at least 16 years older than the adoptee. The adopted child will have the same rights that a biological child has.Adoption is a theme that has been very thoroughly considered within cultural-historical psychology, because it includes the issue of the relationship being fundamental for the constitution of the human being (Bock, 2002). We believe that the individual only constitutes himself when in contact with another. When we talk about this theme, we notice that relationships transform human beings, so when an adoption happens, not only the adoptive parents but also the adopted child are subjects of transformation.In this way we believe that a late adoption is best analysed when seen from a cultural-historical point of view. In contrast to other proposals, the cultural-historical theory considers the human being as a subjective individual who develops himself in an intrapersonal way when in contact with an interpersonal world of relationships. (Vigotskii, 2001).It is within the relationship with the other that the human being develops himself and internalizes the world around. In this case the chances of a late adoption succeeding increase very much, because behavior and personality are capable of being modified all the time within the relationship between an individual and the world. People have an active and social interaction with society.When we talk about a successful relationship, we consider the possibilities of a bad result in a relationship and a possible return of the child to the shelter home where he was living before. This is common particularity with older children who are in the late adoption preparation period. But what is success or failure when we talk about a relationship? Do we turn back a biological child? If so, to whom?This work proposes a reflection on the adoption universe. When we reflect on this subject we believe that a new door will open up to think more profoundly about the issue of late adoption. We intend to look at this universe through the cultural-historical theory, emphasizing that relationships can transform people. Late adoption is a difficult and controversial theme to approach when we consider adoptions in general.Late adoption is considered when the child is older than two years and can perceive himself as different from the other and from the world. The child should have a certain level of independency to deal with his basic needs. It is important that the child desires to be adopted. A slow approximation and a good preparation period should be provided between the child and the adoptive family for better disclosure of the adoption.In late adoptions it is known that the more time the child stays at the shelter home, the more risky it becomes for adaptation within an adoptive family. The child frequently tests the love of the adoptive parents. Children who were turned back after a period of living together can have greater difficulty in trusting and accepting a new family. The self-esteem of the child may be fragile because he may be feeling guilty at having been abandoned, rejected, and turned back to the shelter home. Therefore careful psychological work should be done with these children for a better adaptation to the new realities. …

Psychological problems of late adoption as observed in Brazil through a cultural-historical approach