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The accuracy with which humans can detect small chromatic differences variesthroughout color space. For example, we are far more precise whendiscriminating two similar orange stimuli than two similar green stimuli. Inorder for two colors to be perceived as different, the neurons representingchromatic information must respond differently, and the difference must belarger than the trial-to-trial variability of the response to each separatecolor. Photoreceptors constitute the first stage in the processing of colorinformation; many more stages are required before humans can consciously reportwhether two stimuli are perceived as chromatically distinguishable or not.Therefore, although photoreceptor absorption curves are expected to influencethe accuracy of conscious discriminability, there is no reason to believe thatthey should suffice to explain it. Here we develop information-theoreticaltools based on the Fisher metric that demonstrate that photoreceptor absorptionproperties explain ~87% of the variance of human color discrimination ability,as tested by previous behavioral experiments. In the context of this theory,the bottleneck in chromatic information processing is determined byphotoreceptor absorption characteristics. Subsequent encoding stages modifyonly marginally the chromatic discriminability at the photoreceptor level.

Derivation of human chromatic discrimination ability from an information-theoretical notion of distance in color space