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The German concept of Innere Fuhrung is perhaps very difficult to translate but it is of great potential significance to European and other states wrestling with the future of the relationship between the nation and the military. Innere Fuhrung, sometimes translated rather too briefly as ‘leadership and civic education’, is a particularity of the German Armed Forces, the Bundeswehr; it both shapes and derives from Germany’s postwar experience. It is better understood as ‘military leadership and conduct within a society where military forces, under civilian control, are democratically accountable to society as a whole’. It manifests itself in various institutional forms. There are directives on Innere Fuhrung and in the legal provisions governing the military, we find many principles which directly or indirectly refer to Innere Fuhrung. The German Parliament, for example, determines through its civilian Parliamentary Commissioner for the Armed Forces whether the principles of Innere Fuhrung are adequately implemented within the Armed Forces. In any case where the principles of Innere Fuhrung are not properly applied, individual soldiers in the Bundeswehr have the right to complain directly to the Parliamentary Commissioner for the Armed Forces without following the military chain of command. Thus, Innere Fuhrung plays a central role in the Bundeswehr and, in its specific, German form, it is unique in the whole of Europe. There are three reasons why it seems to be worthwhile to discuss Innere Fuhrung, and the question of whether it could be applied in other armed forces as well. The first is that I hope to be able to provide insight into this unique German phenomenon. Other European armies are more embedded in processes of historical continuity, and therefore significantly differ from the German pattern in terms of military culture. The second reason is that European armies are intensifying their level of cooperation, a fact that is made particularly evident by the rise of multinational units. Thus, we should know each other as well as possible. Thus, this paper can be considered an attempt to foster mutual understanding in terms of Innere Fuhrung, which brings a special dimension to European military culture. The third reason is that most European armies are faced with absolutely new challenges that affect all aspects of their structure, equipment, doctrine, and leadership. The German approach of Innere Fuhrung offers the opportuni-

Innere Führung – Leadership and Civic Education in the German Armed Forces