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Hypertension is a pathological condition affecting up to one third of adult population worldwide.1 Over the last few decades, the remarkable progress of the pharmacological antihypertensive therapies, such as β-adrenergic blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor type 1 antagonists, and diuretics, combined with physical activities and dietary orientations, contributed significantly to improve life quality of millions of hypertensive patients around the world by lowering their arterial pressure. However, in ≈30% of hypertensive patients the arterial blood pressure remains elevated in spite of the use of different pharmacological strategies,1–4 indicating not only that these therapies are not effective for all patients but also that the mechanisms underpinning the chronic increase of arterial pressure are not completely understood. In this context, a relevant example is the hypertension observed in patients suffering of the syndrome of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Over the last 2 decades, it has been demonstrated that the OSA, a condition that affects ≈20% of adult population in the United States,5 is an important risk factor for the development of arterial hypertension,6 and it is one of the major causes of secondary hypertension in patients presenting hypertension resistant to pharmacological treatment.7 Regardless of the marked correlation between OSA and arterial hypertension,8 the mechanisms contributing to the development of hypertension in OSA patients are not fully elucidated.There is evidence that hypertension in OSA patients is markedly associated with the long-term exposure to episodic hypoxemia (or intermittent hypoxia) as a consequence of recurrent obstructions of upper airways during sleep.9 The critical role of chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) exposure in the development of cardiovascular changes induced by OSA is supported not only by clinical studies reporting the beneficial cardiovascular effects of the treatment of OSA patients with continuous positive airway pressure10 …

Medullary Respiratory Network Drives Sympathetic Overactivity and Hypertension in Rats Submitted to Chronic Intermittent Hypoxia