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Background: Although atrial fibrillation (AF) has a risk of cognitive dysfunction, it is not clear whether AF catheter ablation improves or worsens cognitive function. This prospective case-control study sought to assess the 1-year serial changes in the cognitive function with or without AF catheter ablation. Methods: We evaluated the Montreal Cognitive Assessment score in 308 patients (71.4% male, 60.6±9.1 years of age, 34.1% persistent AF) who underwent AF ablation (ablation group) and 50 AF patients on medical therapy who met the same indication for AF ablation (control group), at baseline and 3 and 12 months after enrollment. Cognitive impairment was defined as a published cutoff score of &lt;23 points. To exclude any learning effects, we used the practice-adjusted reliable change index for assessing the cognitive changes. Results: Preablation cognitive impairment was detected in 18.5% (57/308). The Montreal Cognitive Assessment score significantly improved 1 year after radiofrequency catheter ablation in both overall ablation group (24.9±2.9–26.4±2.5;P &lt;0.001) and the propensity-matched ablation group (25.4±2.4–26.5±2.3;P &lt;0.001), but not in the control group (25.4±2.5–24.8±2.5;P =0.012). Preablation cognitive impairment (odds ratio, 13.70; 95% CI, 4.83–38.87;P &lt;0.001) was independently associated with an improvement in the 1-year post-ablation cognitive function. In the reliable change index analyses, 94.7% of propensity-matched ablation group showed an improved/stable cognitive function at the 1-year follow-up.Conclusions: Catheter ablation of AF, at least, does not deteriorate the cognitive function, but rather improves the performance on 1-year follow-up neurocognitive tests, especially in patients with a preablation cognitive impairment.

Atrial Fibrillation Catheter Ablation Improves 1-Year Follow-Up Cognitive Function, Especially in Patients With Impaired Cognitive Function