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Objective— Deep vein thrombosis results from a combination of risk factors including genetic conditions, obesity, drugs, pregnancy, aging, and malignancy. We examined pathophysiological roles of the TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-α)–TNF-Rp55 (tumor necrosis factor receptor p55) axis in thrombus resolution usingTnfrp5 5−/− (TNF-Rp55–deficient) mice.Approach and Results— On ligating the inferior vena cava of wild-type (WT) mice, venous thrombi formed and grew progressively until 5 days but shrunk to &lt;50% of the thrombus weight at day 14. Concomitantly, inferior vena cava ligation enhanced intrathrombotic gene expression ofTnfa andTnfrp55 , and intrathrombotic macrophages expressed both TNF-α and TNF-Rp55 proteins. InTnfrp5 5−/− mice treated with the same manner, thrombus formed at a similar rate for 5 days, but shrinking was delayed compared with WT mice. Moreover, the blood flow recovery in thrombosed inferior vena cava was suspended inTnfrp5 5−/− mice compared with WT mice. IntrathromboticPlau (urokinase-type plasminogen activator),Mmp2 (matrix metalloproteinase 2), andMmp9 (matrix metalloproteinase 9) mRNA expression was significantly reduced inTnfrp5 5−/− mice, compared with WT ones. Supportingly, the administration of anti–TNF-α antibody or TNF-α inhibitor (etanercept) delayed the thrombus resolution in WT mice. Furthermore, TNF-α treatment enhanced gene expression ofPlau ,Mmp2 , andMmp9 in WT macrophages but notTnfrp5 5−/− macrophages. These effects were significantly suppressed by ERK (extracellular signal regulated kinase) and NF-κB (nuclear factor-kappa B) inhibitors. Therefore, the lack of TNF-Rp55 has detrimental roles in the thrombus resolution by suppressing PLAU, MMP-2, and MMP-9 expression. In contrast, TNF-α administration accelerated thrombus resolution in WT but notTnfrp5 5−/− mice.Conclusions— The TNF-α–TNF-Rp55 axis may have essential roles in the resolution of venous thrombus in mice.

Contribution of the TNF-α (Tumor Necrosis Factor-α)–TNF-Rp55 (Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor p55) Axis in the Resolution of Venous Thrombus