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The release of vesicles by cells into the extracellular space is found in many aspects of biology, and such extracellular vesicles (EVs) are gaining increasing attention in diverse areas of biomedical research.1,2 EVs represent a heterogeneous population differing in size, number, and composition that are dependent on the type and activation state of the parental cells that release them. Based on size, EVs can be classified into apoptotic bodies (>1 µM), smaller microvesicles (100 nm–1 µm), and exosomes (<125 nm), which are derived from multivesicular bodies. The biological properties of EVs depend on their composition and the specific cargo that is carried by them, including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Their ability to transfer these contents to other cells makes them important contributors to intercellular communication. In particular, the transfer of different types of noncoding RNAs by EVs has been shown to modulate target cell functions.3See accompanying article on page 49 The function of EVs is being investigated in the context of several pathological conditions, including cardiovascular disease, in which EVs derived from various vascular cells have been studied extensively.2 They are proposed to contribute to disease pathogenesis by promoting inflammation and thrombosis via different mechanisms. On the other hand EV-associated miRNAs have also been shown to mediate protective effects on endothelium.4,5 Therefore, circulating EVs of different cellular origin are considered as candidates for biomarkers of disease activity and risk.6 Moreover, different classes of EVs have been identified …

Extracellular Vesicles Act as Messengers of Macrophages Sensing Atherogenic Stimuli