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This Review is part of a thematic series on Apoptosis in the Cardiovascular System , which includes the following articles: Apoptosis and Heart Failure: A Critical Review of the LiteratureVascular Cell Apoptosis in Remodeling, Restenosis, and Plaque RuptureApoptosis During Cardiovascular Development Myocyte Apoptosis in Ischemic Heart Disease Endothelial Cell Apoptosis in Angiogenesis and Vessel Regression Richard Kitsis, Guest Editor Apoptotic death of vascular cells is a prominent feature of blood vessel remodeling that occurs during normal development and fibroproliferative disorders of the vessel wall. This review summarizes a large number of studies that have provided evidence for apoptotic cell death in the vasculature. We also describe reports that shed light on the molecular mechanisms that may control this process. Finally, we highlight the relatively small number of studies that suggest a function for vascular cell apoptosis in controlling the morphology and cellular composition of the blood vessel wall.A number of studies have demonstrated apoptotic death of vascular cells in vessels that remodel postnatally. Regionalized apoptosis has been found in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) during the regression and closure of the human ductus arteriosus before birth1 and in VSMCs and endothelial cells of the arteries and veins of the umbilical cord, which are subject to dramatic hemodynamic changes at birth.2 Evidence of VSMC apoptosis in the human neonate has also been found at the branch points of the great arteries arising from the aortic arch when they are exposed to a disturbed blood flow, whereas VSMC apoptosis was not observed in the aorta when a normal flow pattern is maintained.2 Finally, VSMC apoptosis has been observed during the remodeling of the abdominal aorta in lambs, resulting from the large decrease in blood flow that occurs after the loss of the placenta at birth.3 …