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—The third cytoplasmic loop of the angiotensin (Ang) II type 1 receptor (AT1 ) is important for receptor coupling to G proteins and activation of downstream events. Therefore, we determined whether specific AT1 sequences were required for kinase activation and inhibition of apoptosis by transfecting wild-type (AT1Rwt) and mutated AT1 into 293 cells. Ang II stimulated a 19.4-fold increase in extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK1/ERK2) activity in 293 cells transfected with AT1Rwt. However, in 293 cells that expressed a receptor in which amino acids 221 and 222 were deleted (AT1R[Del221/222]), Ang II–mediated ERK1/ERK2 activation was inhibited by &gt;85%. In contrast, c-Jun NH2 -terminal protein kinase (JNK) activation was similar in AT1Rwt- and AT1R(Del221/222)-transfected cells. Activation of ERK1/ERK2 by AT1Rwt was independent of Ca2+ , whereas the low level of ERK1/ERK2 activation by AT1R(Del221/222) was completely Ca2+ dependent. Activation of ERK1/ERK2 in AT1Rwt required Ras, whereas AT1R(Del221/222) required Rap1. These results demonstrate the presence of 2 different pathways for ERK1/ERK2 activation by Ang II, which differ in their requirements for Ca2+ and small G proteins (Ras versus Rap1). Furthermore, Ang II prevented serum deprivation–induced apoptosis in cells transfected with AT1Rwt but not AT1R(Del221/222). AKT was only phosphorylated by Ang II in AT1Rwt-transfected cells. Overexpression of constitutively active AKT significantly reduced serum deprivation–induced apoptosis in cells transfected with AT1R(Del221/222). This study shows for the first time a direct link between kinase activation and inhibition of apoptosis dependent on amino acids 221 and 222 in the third cytoplasmic loop of the AT1 .

circulation research

The Third Cytoplasmic Loop of the Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Exerts Differential Effects on Extracellular Signal–Regulated Kinase (ERK1/ERK2) and Apoptosis via Ras- and Rap1-Dependent Pathways