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We studied whether the oxygen cost of mechanical energy is time-invariant in the excised, cross-circulated canine heart. The total mechanical energy generated by ventricular contraction can be quantified by the total pressure-volume area (PVA) according to the time-varying elastance model. In this model, mechanical energy generated until a specified time (t) during systole can be quantified by the partial pressure-volume area, PVA(t). PVA(t) was obtained by quickly releasing ventricular volume at a varied time during isovolumic contraction. The quick release aborted further development of mechanical energy. We found that PVA(t) at a constant end-diastolic volume linearly correlated with myocardial oxygen consumption (VO2). This indicates that the oxygen cost of mechanical energy is time-invariant. However, we also found that the slope of the VO2-PVA(t) relation decreased with increasing quick-release speed. This indicates a decrease in VO2 by the quick release despite the same PVA(t). The time-invariant oxygen cost of mechanical energy is consistent with the time-varying elastance model of the ventricle, but the decreased VO2 with increasing quick-release speed despite the same PVA(t) is not.

circulation research

Time-invariant oxygen cost of mechanical energy in dog left ventricle: consistency and inconsistency of time-varying elastance model with myocardial energetics.