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Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ (PPARδ) agonists are promising new agents for treatment of the metabolic syndrome. Although they possess antiatherosclerotic properties in vivo and promote endothelial cell survival, their mechanism of action is incompletely understood. 14-3-3ε is a critical component of the endothelial cell antiapoptotic machinery, which is essential to maintain homeostasis of the vascular wall. To test the hypothesis that PPARδ targets 14-3-3ε in endothelial cells, we studied the response of the gene that encodes 14-3-3ε in humans,YWHAE , to PPARδ ligands (L-165,041 and GW501516). We found that PPARδ activatesYWHAE promoter in a concentration and time-dependent manner. Consistent with these findings, L-165,041 increased 14-3-3ε mRNA and protein level, whereas PPARδ small interfering RNA suppressed both basal and L-165,041–dependentYWHAE transcription and 14-3-3ε protein expression. Surprisingly, PPAR response elements inYWHAE promoter were not required for upregulation by PPARδ, whereas a CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) site located at −160/−151 bp regulated both basal and PPARδ-dependent promoter activity. Intriguingly, activation or knock down of endogenous PPARδ regulated C/EBPβ protein expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that L-165,041 determines the localization of C/EBPβ to the region spanning this C/EBP response element, whereas sequential chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that C/EBPβ and PPARδ form a transcriptional activating complex on this C/EBP site. Our work uncovers a novel role for C/EBPβ as a mediator of PPARδ-dependent 14-3-3ε gene regulation in human endothelial cells and provides insight into the mechanism by which PPARδ agonists may be beneficial in atherosclerosis.

Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-δ Upregulates 14-3-3ε in Human Endothelial Cells via CCAAT/Enhancer Binding Protein-β