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Thrombin and factor Xa (FXa) are agonists for G protein-coupled receptors (GPRCs) and may contribute to vascular lesion formation by stimulating proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Mitogenic signaling of GPCRs requires transactivation of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). In rat SMCs, thrombin transactivates the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) via a pathway that involves heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) as ligand for EGFR. The purpose of this study was to investigate in human SMCs the role of receptor transactivation in the mitogenic response to thrombin and FXa. Thrombin (10 nmol/L) and FXa (100 nmol/L) cause a 3.3- and 2.6-fold increase in DNA synthesis, respectively. In human SMCs, neither thrombin nor FXa causes EGFR phosphorylation, and blockade of EGFR kinase does not inhibit DNA synthesis. However, DNA synthesis and phosphorylation of fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 (FGFR-1) induced by thrombin or FXa are inhibited by antibodies neutralizing basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) or by heparin. Hirudin inhibits thrombin-, but not FXa-induced mitogenesis, indicating that FXa acts independently of thrombin. We further demonstrate by ELISA that upon thrombin and FXa stimulation, bFGF is released and binds to the extracellular matrix. Our data suggest that in human vascular SMCs, both thrombin and FXa rapidly release bFGF into the pericellular matrix. This is followed by transactivation of the FGFR-1 and increased proliferation. Heparin may inhibit the mitogenic effects of thrombin and FXa in human SMCs by preventing bFGF binding to FGFR-1.

circulation research

Thrombin- and Factor Xa–Induced DNA Synthesis Is Mediated by Transactivation of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor-1 in Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells