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T he many different fields of medical research can be categorized under three main headings: etiology (causes of diseases), pathophysiology (underlying mechanisms), and therapeutics (efficient ways to prevent or treat). In this issue of Circulation, the report by Momma et a1l on an experimentally created model of tetralogy of Fallot (TF) with absent pulmonary valve in rats is a remarkable example of research that succeeds in touching upon all the above-mentioned categories.

Tetralogy of Fallot with absent pulmonary valve. Clarification of a complex malformation and of its therapeutic challenge.