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Tiny radiopaque helices (0.85 times 1.5 mm) of pure tantalum wire were implanted by means of a simple insertor instrument into the left ventricular myocardium in 24 patients at the time of cardiac surgery. The markers were positioned in such a way as to outline the profile of the left ventricle when viewed in a 30 degree right anterior oblique projection. Biplane studies showed that all markers could be placed very nearly in a plane using the surface anatomy of the heart as a guide to implantation. Implantation of markers required approximately two minutes. No intraoperative or postoperative complications ascribable to the markers have occurred. They remain firmly in place and allow acquisition of a noninvasive ventriculogram at any time after surgery. The dynamic geometry of the left ventricle was determined by analysis of cineradiograms of these markers. Utilization of a single-plane (right anterior oblique) cineradiogram to obtain measurements of major transverse ventricular diameters, mean circumferential shortening, and circumferential shortening velocity results in underestimation of lenghts by 1.4%, overestimation of shortening by 1.2% of end-diastolic length, and overestimation of velocity by 0.05 circ/sec, when compared with values obtained simultaneously from biplane cineradiograms.

Measurement of midwall myocardial dynamics in intact man by radiography of surgically implanted markers.