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Para- and/or autocrine factors that interact with receptors coupled to G proteins of the Gq/11 families are implicated in the development of myocardial hypertrophy and apoptosis. Whether hypertrophy renders cardiac myocytes more sensitive or resistant to apoptosis is still controversial. A delicate balance may exist among hypertrophy, apoptosis, and heart failure. However, the factors involved in the transition from compensatory hypertrophy to heart failure have not been elucidated yet in the context of Gq-coupled pathways. Overexpressing serotonin Gq–coupled 5-HT2B receptor in the mouse heart induces mitochondrial proliferation associated with hypertrophy, whereas ablation of this receptor leads to mitochondrial structural and functional impairments associated with myofibrillar breakdown and dilated cardiomyopathy. In this review, we discuss a novel role of mitochondria in the transition from hypertrophic to dilated cardiomyopathy that involves the Gq-coupled 5-HT2BR signaling pathway.### Role of Serotonin in the HeartSerotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) was first isolated from blood and found to function as a vasoconstrictor. 5-HT is found in the following 3 main areas of the body: the intestinal wall (where it causes increased gastrointestinal motility), blood vessels (where it causes constriction of large vessels), and the central nervous system. Several lines of evidence suggest that 5-HT regulates cardiovascular function during embryogenesis and adulthood. 5-HT is secreted from enterochromaffin cells into the blood and stored in the platelets. Circulating 5-HT can also be taken up by sympathetic neurons and vascular endothelial cells and can be co-released. The effects of 5-HT in the cardiovascular system are complex: for example, 5-HT has been associated with bradycardia or tachycardia, hypotension or hypertension, and vasodilatation or vasoconstriction. Recent pharmacological studies suggested that compounds acting on 5-HT receptors could be of therapeutic use in the treatment of migraine, hypertension, and heart and vascular diseases.1,2The various biological actions of 5-HT are mediated by numerous cognate receptors. It …

Functional Consequence of Serotonin/5-HT 2B Receptor Signaling in Heart

Functional Consequence of Serotonin/5-HT _2B Receptor Signaling in Heart