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The muscle-specific MyoD family of transcription factors function as master genes that are able to prompt myogenesis in a variety of cells. The purpose of our study was to determine whether MyoD could induce primary cardiac fibroblasts, isolated from infarcted myocardium or pericardium, to undergo myogenic conversion in a clinically relevant approach.Primary rat fibroblasts from 7-day-old infarcted myocardium or normal pericardium were transfected by an E1/E3-deleted adenoviral vector carrying both a human MyoD cDNA driven by a CMV promoter and a green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter gene driven by a second CMV promoter. Expression of MyoD caused myogenic differentiation of cultured fibroblasts, as defined by elongation and fusion into multinucleated myotubes, typical cross striation as identified by electron microscopy, and positive immunostaining for sarcomeric actin, fast myosin heavy chain (MHC), and actinin. The myogenic cells (1.5x10(6)) were transplanted into the infarcted myocardium 7 days after coronary artery occlusion. By 1 month after transplantation, the converted fibroblasts gave rise to a cluster of myogenic cells that in a few hearts occupied a large part of the scar with positive immunostaining for the myogenic proteins fast-MHC and sarcomeric actin. A few cells expressed the gap junction protein connexin 43 in a disorganized manner. There was no positive staining in the control hearts treated with injections of untreated fibroblasts or culture medium.Our work shows that it is possible to exploit the unique capacity of MyoD to activate myogenesis in fibroblasts ex vivo and to create a vast source of autologous myogenic cells for transplantation.

Cellular Cardiomyoplasty of Cardiac Fibroblasts by Adenoviral Delivery of MyoD Ex Vivo: An Unlimited Source of Cells for Myocardial Repair