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Studies show that some regions of the Amazon region suffer mercury (Hg) impacts as a direct result of both natural and anthropogenic processes. Jaú National Park (PNJ) is the only National Park in Brazil that protects an entire black water basin (Jaú River), flood land and tropical reserve. These conditions favor Hg methylation in the aquatic biota. This in turn, exposes riverine populations to Hg contamination as well as the adjacent regions. Preliminary studies of pre-school diets from PNJ communities have shown that these diets have a worrisomely high Hg content. The present study assessed total Hg content, micronutrients (Ca, Fe, K, Na, Se and Zn) and macronutrients (proteins, lipids, ash, energy, carbohydrate) in pre-school diets in the PNJ and surrounding communities. Furthermore, total and MeHg levels were also determined in hair samples of these children as well as those living in several neighborhoods of the city of Manaus. Included in this determination were the fish most consumed by these populations. From these results it was possible to evaluate the nutritional content of the diets and the exposure of the children to Hg and MeHg. Cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry was used to quantify total and MeHg. Micronutrient determination was performed using neutron activation analysis technique (NAA) and Macronutrient through AOAC methodologies (USA). All analytical methods were developed and validated for precision and accuracy by means of reference materials analyses with certified values for the elements determined. Furthermore, the uncertainty sources for Hg and MeHg determination were assessed and the expanded uncertainties were calculated. Total Hg levels in diets and total and MeHg levels for hair samples, were well above those values found in different localities of the Amazon region. This also holds true for those surrounding areas of the JNP. For many children Hg intake values passed the 5 μg Hg/body weigh/week (PTWI). Children of the city of Manaus presented much lower Hg levels in hair samples in contrast to those of the PNJ even though both groups shared the same ecosystem. It can thus be concluded that populations that have a wider choice of food products for protein, have a lesser intake of fish and as a consequence less Hg intake. Obtained NAA results furnished reliable concentration values for important nutritional elements, mainly Ca, Fe, K, Na, Se and Zn. From these values the daily intake was calculated and compared to the DRIs (Dietary reference intakes). In general, the diets analysed in this study presented inadequate and deficient protein-caloric levels, confirming these populations ́ high risk and vulnerability to nutritional deficiencies and to Hg exposure. Several external factors can obviously influence the vulnerability of these populations to the toxic effects to MeHg such as: age, sex, health and nutritional status, intake and dietary interaction. In order to evaluate the influence of the cooking processes (in natura, cooked, fried, baked) regarding micronutrient and total Hg losses, in order to contribute to future nutritional studies, Hg levels and micronutrients in fish species most consumed by Manaus residents and surrounding communities were assessed. Micronutrients and Hg loss variability through the different cooking processes seem to be more related to fish species rather than cooking process. Furthermore, predatory species presented higher Hg and Se levels as was expected. The Hg and Se correlation in fish is also discussed. Although research shows a high Hg background in the Amazon the continuous exposure through food can in time worsen especially in communities that do not have diet diversification, have serious nutritional deficiencies and whose diets are mainly fish. It is hoped that this study can also

"Avaliação do conteúdo de Mercúrio, Metilmercúrio e outros elementos de interesse em peixes e em amostras de cabelos e dietas de pré-escolares da Região Amazônica"