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OLIVEIRA, Ingrid C.N. NORM, VARIATION AND USE OF PASSATO REMOTO AND PASSATO PROSSIMO: A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN NATIVE SPEAKERS AND BRAZILIAN LEARNERS OF ITALIAN. 2018. 258 f. Thesis (PhD) – School of Philosopy, Languages and Human Sciences, University of São Paulo (Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas, Universidade de São Paulo), São Paulo, 2018. The research had its origin in the interest in researching and differentiating the use of the perfective tenses of the past of the Italian language, namely passato prossimo (perfect compound) and the passato remoto (perfect simple), as used by native speakers from Southern, Central and Northern Italy and Brazilian learners undergoing formal instruction. Both tenses express specific, limited, finished and dynamic actions, but belong to distinct systems and create different effects of meaning in the discourse. Passato prossimo fits into the enunciative system, i.e., it is prior to the moment of utterance (present moment of reference), to which it connects directly, while passato remoto is used for actions concomitant to the past reference moment, it belongs to said enuncive system (FIORIN, 2010). According to Italian language grammar books, some contexts favor the choice of these tenses in the discourse. On the basis of these premises, we decided to develop a field survey that consisted of collecting data in the three regions mentioned, to understand, first, if there are any differences regarding the use of these tenses and, if so, what factors they would be associated with. The subjects had two tasks: to orally tell a fairy tale and a personal experience, and then to write the same two genres. Data showed that speakers from the Southern, Central and Northern Italy chose passato prossimo to express past perfective actions in personal reports, both oral and written. Passato remoto tense, in turn, was more frequent in the fairy tale writings of northern speakers and used, in part, by southern speakers too. However, orally, a large number of subjects from the three regions preferred the present indicative in this type of narrative. Thus, we understand that the use of these tenses is mainly related to two axes of linguistic variation that correspond to diaphasia and diamesia. To investigate how learners of Italian L2 chose to use one of the two tenses, the same activity was carried out with undergraduate students with qualification in Portuguese and Italian Language and Literature, at the University of São Paulo. The research participants performed the tasks in three moments of the process of foreign language acquisition/learning, so that the learning effects could be verified in the use of the structures of past perfective tenses in short and long terms. The analyses showed that learners associated the oral and written personal reports to passato prossimo before they formally studied passato remoto. However, in most cases, learners used the present tense in the fairy tale narratives. After studying formally passato remoto, the oral personal reports or fairy tales have not yielded significant changes. Yet, in the written production, some learners began to use the simple passato remoto in the characterization of finished, specific and dynamic actions. In the last data collection, we observed that most learners continued to use passato prossimo in personal reports, despite the fact that some participants still preferred to use passato remoto. Although the present indicative was predominant in oral narratives of fairy tales, the simple and compound perfective were more recurrent in writing. The data obtained seem to indicate that the learners follow the tendency presented by the natives in the choice of the verbal tense in oral and written personal narrative and in oral fairy tales. Nonetheless, in writing, after studying the past perfective tenses and having had more contact with the target language, the learners tended to use different verb tenses without apparently being aware of the effects created in the text or in the discourse.

Norma, variação e uso do passato remoto e passato prossimo: um estudo comparativo entre falantes nativos e aprendizes brasileiros de italiano