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Castro MA de. Diet and metabolic cardiovascular disease risk factors in adults and elderly residents in the city of São Paulo: a structural equation model analysis. [thesis] São Paulo (BR): Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo; 2015. Introduction: The cardiovascular diseases are the main causes of death in Brazil and worldwide, presenting an important contribution to the global burden of diseases. The diet has been considered one of the primary determinants of the population health, by modulating metabolic risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Objectives: To develop a conceptual model for the relationship between metabolic cardiovascular disease risk factors and investigate its association with dietary patterns of adults and elderly residents in the city of São Paulo. Methods: This is a population-based cross-sectional study with a probabilistic sample of adults and elderly living in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, whom participated in the Health Survey of São Paulo (HS-SP): a study performed in two stages between 2008 and 2011. In the first stage, a total of 1,102 adults and elderly, both sexes, were interviewed at home by trained interviewers, who applied a structured questionnaire and collected a 24-hour dietary recall. In the second stage, a total of 642 adults and elderly were re-evaluated by the application of the second 24-hour dietary recall by telephone. Of these individuals, a total of 592 underwent a household collection of blood samples, anthropometric measurements, and blood pressure assessment by a nurse assistant. The foods reported in both 24-hour recalls were collapsed into food groups according to nutritional composition and dietary habits of the population, and adjusted for the within-person variation of intake by statistical procedures of the web-based platform Multiple Source Method. The food groups were analyzed by exploratory and confirmatory factorial analysis (manuscript 1) and by exploratory structural equation model (manuscript 3) in order to extract the dietary patterns. The conceptual model for the relationship of the metabolic cardiovascular disease risk factors (serum leptin, serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio, triacylglycerol/HDL-cholesterol ratio, fasting plasma glucose, waist circumference and body weight) was obtained by a structural equation model stratified by sex (manuscript 2). Finally, the association of dietary patterns with the proposed model (manuscript 3) was investigated by exploratory structural equation model. Goodnessof-fit indexes were estimated to evaluate model fit. All analyzes were executed in Mplus software, version 6.12. Results: In manuscript 1, the exploratory factor analysis extracted two dietary patterns. These patterns exhibited a good model fit in the confirmatory factor analysis with the oblique Promax rotation and the factor loading cut-off ≥|0,25|. In manuscript 2, sex differences in the relationship between metabolic cardiovascular disease risk factors were observed. Among women, serum leptin showed positive and indirect effects by mediation of body weight and waist circumference on all metabolic risk factors evaluated. Differently, among men, serum leptin showed positive and direct effects on high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and positive indirect effects (mediated by body weight and waist circumference) on triacylglycerol/HDL-cholesterol ratio, total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio and fasting plasma glucose. In manuscript 3, three dietary patterns were extracted, with the ‘Traditional’ one showing negative and direct association with serum leptin and negative indirect effects on the other metabolic risk factors. The ‘Prudent’ pattern showed a negative and direct association with systolic blood pressure, while the ‘Modern’ pattern was not associated with any metabolic risk factors investigated. Conclusion: Differences in dietary patterns were observed according to the factor rotation method applied. The relationship between metabolic cardiovascular disease risk factors was distinct between men and women, with leptin emerging as one of the possible hormones involved. The dietary patterns labeled ‘Traditional’ and ‘Prudent’ were inversely associated with metabolic risk factors, playing an important strategy for prevention and control of cardiovascular diseases in this country. Descriptors: Food intake; Risk Factor; Cardiovascular Disease; Adults; Elderly; Health Survey

Dieta e fatores de riscos metabólicos para doença cardiovascular em adultos e idosos residentes no município de São Paulo: uma análise por modelos de equações estruturais