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Computer simulations are essential tools for a microscopic understanding of many processes that occur in nature. In particular, ab initio simulations, i.e., first principles simulations, can predict new properties and support experimental results, without the need to use empirical potentials which are fitted for a specific configuration of the system. However, even in ab initio simulations it is necessary to do approximations for the electronic structure calculations and for the description of the nuclear movements. In this thesis, new approximations for the exchange-correlation energy functional of Density Functional Theory (DFT) are proposed and tested for atoms, molecules and solids. The description of the nuclear movements was done using the Monte Carlo technique, however the total energy calculations were obtained by DFT. We also propose a new methodology which allows the description of intramolecular movements whose vibrational frequencies can not be treated classically. As an illustration, we have studied water clusters and liquid water, showing the relevance of this new methodology on the description of structural, vibrational and of the dipole moment of these systems.

Desenvolvimento de novas aproximações para simulações ab initio