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Oliveira VA. Short chain fatty acid, a metabolism product from gut microbiota, protect from acute kidney injury. [Ph. D. thesis (Immunology)]. São Paulo: Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo; 2014. Introduction: The short-chain fatty acids (SCFA are products released from the fermentation of complex carbohydrates by intestinal microbiota. They have antiinflammatory and histone deacetylases inhibition properties. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is characterized by a kidney inflammation which is strongly associated with kidney function. Thus, immune system cells have been classically related to the inflammatory process in the LRA. Thus, we hypothesized that SCFA could improve the outcomes of AKI by modulating the inflammatory process, by epigenetic mechanisms or not. The objective of this project was to evaluate whether treatment with the SCFA could improve AKI. Methods. Mice (n = 5 per group in each experiment) were subjected to two models of AKI, being one induced by ischemia and reperfusion and another from sepsis. Dosages of the SCFAs were given alone (200 mg / kg) 30 'before ischemia and during reperfusion. In polymicrobial sepsis model, mice were treated with acetate (400 mg / kg) the day before, at the time and 6 hours after surgery. After 24 hours, samples were collected for protein, genetic and biochemical analyzes. A p value was considered significant when ≤ 0.05. Results. Treatment with SCFA decreased serum levels of creatinine and urea after ischemia and reperfusion compared with the untreated group (p <0.0001), the best protection was observed with treatment with acetate. This improvement was associated with lower protein levels of inflammatory molecules. A reduction in the influx of immune cells was also observed in animals treated with acetate. The systemic inflammatory response was also decreased in treatment with acetate. Together, these data were corroborated by a decrease in the activation of the NF-kB and lower rate of apoptosis in the kidneys of animals treated with acetate. Furthermore, it was found that treatment with acetate decreased the activity of histone deacetylase whereas modulated the expression of genes related to chromatin modification. Giving to mice acetate-producing bacteria was possible to observe an increase in the concentration of acetate and a protection from AKI along with a lower systemic inflammation. In vitro, it was found that treatment with SCFAs modulate the activation of dendritic cells and inhibit lymphocyte proliferation. In renal epithelial cell line subjected to hypoxia or to an inflammatory stimulus, the treatment reduced the production of reactive oxygen species, decreasing the effects of hypoxia and also the activation of NF-kB, respectively. In the sepsis model, the presence of acetate promoted an improvement of renal function, and decreased levels of pro inflammatory molecules systemically as well as the inflammatory infiltrated in the peritoneal cavity. Conclusion. AGCC modulates inflammatory processes in the kidney via epigenetic modificatons, could be considered as a promising tool in the protection of the AKI.

Ácidos graxos de cadeia curta, produtos do metabolismo da microbiota intestinal, protegem da lesão renal aguda.