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We are currently witnessing unprecedented global climate change, which will become more severe over the years and can cause irreversible damage to biodiversity. How species will react to these changes and what conservation actions should be taken are among the most significant topics in ecology today. Climate change has been identified as a major cause of reductions (and changes) in geographic distribution and abundance of many species, and even extinction. Ecological niche models have been widely used in order to understand how the distribution of species can be affected by climate change. The models provide valuable information on the potential effect of climate change on the future distribution of species and can be used to assess how and which species may be most affected, as well as the appropriate sites for their conservation. Since important information about the species is not incorporated into the models, the knowledge about their biology and natural history is crucial for interpretating the results. In the present study a review is presented on the current state of knowledge about the four species of the genus Eunectes in relation to geographic distribution, habitat and microhabitat use, daily and seasonal activity, reproduction, body size, diet and conservation status. In addition, natural history aspects of a green anaconda (E. murinus) population were studied in forested sites in the Bonito municipality, Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil, where data on movement, microhabitat use, reproduction and diet are presented. Furthermore, climate niche models were developed for each of the four species in order to understand the possible impacts of climate change under two future scenarios.Two dispersion approaches were performed, with “free dispersion” and “no dispersion”. It was possible to recognize patterns in the biology of Eunectes species, identify the main knowledge gaps and to suggest where research efforts should be focused. Moreover, important data on the natural history of the green anaconda (E. murinus) were recorded. It was observed that, in relation to movement, diet and reproduction, the species apparently maintains the pattern recorded in previous studies. However, the use of the microhabitat differed substantially, with a very high number of individuals being found on trees. Future projections indicate that, for the interval between the years 2061-2080, all species, but E. notaeus, will lose a large amount of climatically suitable habitat, with E. deschauenseei being the most affected (100% loss with and without dispersion in the worst scenario). Future projections also indicate that there will be a shift in the distribution of suitable habitat for the potential occurrence of three species. Without dispersion, all species will lose area, and E. beniensis will lose 100% of suitable habitat in both climate change scenarios. The information generated by this study helps to improve the knowledge about the ecology, natural history and distribution of the species of Eunectes, as well as indicates which species may be most affected by ongoing climate change. Finally, the results provide subsidies for the formulation of conservation plans, indicating important areas that could serve as a climate refuge for the species.

Ecologia, nicho climático e efeito das mudanças climáticas sobre a distribuição potencial das espécies do gênero Eunectes (Squamata, Serpente)