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32 Species composition in biological communities is a result of interactions of the evolutionary 33 history of both organisms and environments, along with local factors that currently mediate 34 species occurrence and coexistence. In floodplains, like the Pantanal, flood pulses are 35 recognized as the main driver of ecological processes that control both species spatial and 36 temporal distribution, but also shape communities. The Pantanal is the largest tropical 37 floodplain on Earth and it has a less rich biota than that of surrounding regions. This has 38 been attributed to the hardness imposed by the flood cycles on the organisms and also to 39 the recent formation of the plain. The main goal of this thesis was to investigate diversity 40 patterns of the snake community of the Pantanal regarding their origins, through stating and 41 testing hypothesis about past and present processes that acted on the current assembly of 42 snake communities in this seasonal floodplain. We adopted approaches that provided 43 evidences for processes at deep and recent time scales, as well as a wide special scale, that 44 encompasses the entire hydrographic basin where the Pantanal is located – the Paraguay 45 River Basin. We found that Pantanal snake fauna belongs to a species group widely 46 distributed in the basin, and is linked to the Paraguay River channel and nearby lowland 47 areas. The entire basin has regionalized faunas distributed around the Pantanal floodplain, 48 which may be acting as a barrier for some species and as a dispersal corridor for others. Our 49 expectation that seasonal flooding could act as an environmental filter, allowing only species 50 with adaptations to deal with this recurrent event to occur, was not supported. Rather than 51

Snakes of the Pantanal: biogeography and taxonomic, phylogenetic and ecomorphological diversity