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The tribe Philodryadini is constituted by a rich group of neotropical snakes that are highly diverse ecologically and morphologically. Currently, 24 species compose the tribe, and are recognized as common components of the ophidian diversity in several regions of South America. The species of Philodryadini exhibit two great geographical distribution patterns, with most species occurring in the lowlands of the cis-Andean region of the American continent, while another not so diverse group is distributed in the trans-Andean region of the central and southern Andes, in Ecuador, Peru and Chile. The richness of the tribe and its evolutionary relationships has varied greatly in recent years, mainly due to the recent formulation of diverse phylogenetic hypotheses based on molecular evidence. In the same way, in recent years many taxonomic complexes have been studied and the taxonomic status of several species has been clarified. However, many questions about the status of some complexes and phylogenetic relationships within the tribe are still unknown. To understand the evolutionary relationships between Philodryadini and the other Xenodontinae tribes we performed a phylogenetic analysis including molecular evidence of a representative sample of all tribes of the subfamily. Simultaneously, we evaluated the relationships within Philodryadini using DNA sequences from the vast majority of the species of the tribe described so far. Likewise, we performed a taxonomic revision of the tribe species, using a combination of morphological and molecular evidence. Our phylogenetic analyzes revealed that the tribe Philodryadini is a non-monophyletic group, and is currently composed of two different lineages of unrelated xenodontine snakes. To provide a phylogenetic structure that reflected the relations of the tribes in the interior of the subfamily, we erected a new tribe and a new genus to accommodate the group of species that constituted a completely different radiation of xenodontine snakes from the Andes. Within Philodryadini (sensu stricto), we recognize a particular pattern of diversification, with a first clade, composed of two groups , closely related to the clade that contains the type species of Philodryadini. To best represent the pattern of evolutionary diversification within the tribe, we restructured its generic composition by resurrecting the genera Chlorosoma and Xenoxybelis. Additionally, with our taxonomic revision we resolve the taxonomic status of three species complexes and recognize four taxa previously located in the synonymy of Philodryas. With our study, the relationships within Philodryadini are now better understood and their diversity is currently consisted of three genera and 24 species.

Phylogenetic systematics and taxonomic review of the snakes of the tribe Philodryadini Cope, 1886 (Dipsadidae: Xenodontinae)