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Colletotrichum truncatum, the causal agent of anthracnose of soybean: a comparison of isolates obtained from asymptomatic and symptomatic plants Colletotrichum truncatum has been widely studied as soybean pathogen. However, different isolates have different degrees of aggressiveness, and it can even be found in apparently healthy plants. Thus, the first objective was to compare isolates of C. truncatum from asymptomatic and symptomatic soybean plants, in order to identify characteristics that differentiate them. Seventeen asymptomatic plant isolates and three diseased plants were obtained. From the pathogenicity tests, it was verified that some isolates obtained from asymptomatic plants could be endophytic and others caused symptoms in the aerial part, with variable severity, and affected the germination and emergence of seedlings obtained from inoculated seeds. In the concatenated analysis of the genes ITS, GAPDH, HIS3 and β-tub gene, it was verified that the isolates characterized as hypovirulent and endophytic were allocated in the same clade, as well as the more aggressive were also grouped. In the analysis of the molecular marker IRAP there were no differences. In the SNA (Synthetic Poor in Nutrient Agar) medium, the aggressive isolates had the lowest growth rates, however, they had higher sporulation. The endophytic and hypovirulent ones had higher rates of mycelial growth and less sporulation in vitro. The germination of conidia and the percentage of conidia forming appressory of the aggressive isolates was higher when compared to the endophytic and hypovirulent isolates. In relation to the enzymatic activity in vitro, it was not possible to differentiate the isolates with different degrees of pathogenicity using the API-ZYM® system. Furthermore, all the isolates obtained produced the enzymes esterase, esterase-lipase, acid phosphatase and naphthol-ASBI-phosphohydrolase. For pectin-lyase activity, isolates that are more aggressive produced less lyase pectin than nonaggressive pectin. From the identification of the two lifestyles, an endophytic and pathogenic isolate were selected to verify the ability of C. truncatum to activate the soybean defense system and to protect soybean plants against anthracnose and white mold (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum). For that, soybean plants were inoculated with an endophytic, a C. truncatum pathogenic, and an endophytic followed by the inoculation of the pathogen after 5 days. These plants were evaluated for the activity of proteins related to the pathogenesis PR-proteins (peroxidases POX and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase-FAL), the amount of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Soybean plants were pre-inoculated with the endophytic followed by inoculation of S. sclerotiorum after five days, and the severity of the white mold was evaluated after 10 days of inoculation. Plants pre-inoculated with endophytic C. truncatum and challenged with pathogenic C. truncatum had increased POX and FAL activity and the amount of H2O2. When inoculated separately, endophytic and pathogenic were not able to increase the activity or quantity of these molecules. There was a reduction of more than 88% in the severity of white mold in soybean plants preinoculated with endophytic isolate. The reduction of the disease may be due to the ability of these plants to increase the defense response more rapidly and at higher levels than when exposed to the endophyte alone.

&gt;i&lt;Colletotrichum truncatum&gt;/i&lt;, agente causal da antracnose da soja: uma comparação entre isolados obtidos de plantas assintomáticas e sintomáticas