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Molecular bases of Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) resistance to Cry1F toxin The broad use of Cry toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) to control lepidopteran pests, particularly where refuge strategies are not legalized or implemented, has facilitated the evolution of resistance of pest populations. There are three records of resistance of Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E Smith) in field condition to Bt toxins so far, two of them to Cry1F and one to Cry1Ab toxins. In Brazil, field-evolved resistance of S. frugiperda has been recorded for both toxins. Thus, we aimed to identify the mechanisms associated to the resistance of S. frugiperda to Cry1F toxin based on the two concurrent hypotheses on the mode of action of Cry toxins. One of such hypotheses is based on the potential of Cry toxins to form pores in the membrane of the gut epithelium, while the other is based on the production of an intracellular transduction signal and the activation of the process of cell death. To identify the resistance mechanisms of S. frugiperda to Cry1F toxin, we characterized the transcript of the cadherin receptor of susceptible (SUS) and resistant (RES) strains of S. frugiperda to search for mutations and performed a comparative analysis of the transcriptome from SUS and RES strains. We also analyzed the transcriptome from the gut of SUS and isogenic resistant strains (RESiso) in order to identify the molecular mechanisms associated to the resistance of S. frugiperda to Cry1F. The characterization of cadherin receptor in SUS, Res and REsiso strains showed differences in the amino acid composition of the repeated domains CR5, CR6 and CR10 and in the C-terminal domain. Only mutations occurring on C-terminal of the RES strain were maintained in the RESiso strain. The comparative transcriptome between SUS and RES strains indicated a higher expression of genes related to the detoxification process, such as cytochrome P450s, glutathione-Stransferases and carboxylcholinesterases in the RES strain, while no differences in the expression of Cry receptors, such aminopeptidade N and alkaline phosphatase, were observed. However, transcriptomic analysis indicated up-regulation of cadherin and down-regulation of the ABCg5 transporter was down-regulated in the RES strain. We propose that ABCg5 is one of the mechanisms involved in S. frugiperda resistance to Cry1F, together with the increased detoxification activity observed. Analysis of the gut transcriptome from SUS and RESiso yielded similar results regarding the differential expression of detoxifying enzymes, but on this case cadherin was down-regulated in RESiso as compared to the SUS strain. Downregulation of ABC transporters in the RESiso strain was also observed, but for the ABCb1 transporter. Analyses of the transcriptome of SUS and RESiso strains also indicated the resistance of S. frugiperda to Cry1F is related to an increased transcription of detoxifying enzymes and a reduced transcription of the cadherin receptor. Our data also demonstrates the resistance is due to the existence of adequate constitutive levels of transcription of genes that respond to the intoxication with Cry1F.

Bases moleculares da resistência de <i>Spodoptera frugiperda</i> (J.E.Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) à toxina Cry1F