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Botrytis and Anthracnose fruit rots, caused by Botrytis cinerea and Colletotrichum spp., respectively, are major strawberry diseases. Chemical control is widely used, and can cause selection of resistant pathogens. This study aimed to compare organic and conventional strawberry production systems by evaluating the sensitivity of B. cinerea and C. acutatum isolates to the main single-site fungicides used in Brazil. Isolates were collected from conventional and organic fields in four different Brazilian states from 2013 to 2015. Resistance to azoxystrobin, iprodione and thiophanate-methyl was found in B. cinerea isolates with EC50 values higher than 71.9, 688 and 1.2 μg/ml, respectively. Resistance to the aforementioned fungicides was observed in 87.5, 76.6 and 92.2 % of isolates from conventional fields, and 31.4, 22.9 and 51.4 % of isolates from organic fields, respectively. Moreover, frequencies of populations with multiple fungicide resistance to the three active ingredients were 75 and 8.6 %, with no resistance to any of the fungicides were 6.25 and 34.3 % for isolates collected from conventional and organic areas, respectively. Molecular analyses of the cytochrome b, beta-tubulin and bos1 genes revealed, respectively, the presence of G143A, E198A and I365N/S, Q369P or N373S mutations in resistant populations of B. cinerea. Fungicides sprayed preventively on strawberry fruit inoculated with B. cinerea failed to control resistant isolates. Isolates of C. acutatum resistant to azoxystrobin and difenoconazole were not observed. Mean EC50 values for isolates collected from organic fields were 0.44 and 0.95 μg/ml, and from conventional areas were 0.629 and 0.107 μg/ml for azoxystrobin and difenoconazole, respectively. Populations of C. acutatum showed insensitivity to thiophanate-methyl rather than resistance and EC50 values could not be determined. None of the isolates contained the most commonly mutations associated with fungicide resistance. This study reinforces the importance of continuous research and monitoring of risks associated with fungicide resistance occurrence; the urgency for the implementation of resistance management programs; and the need for an integrated approach between strawberry nurseries and production fields for disease control.

Fungicide sensitivity and spatial and temporal dynamics of &lt;i&gt;Botrytis cinerea&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Colletotrichum&lt;/i&gt; spp. in conventional and organic strawberry fields