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Water rights flows rate calculation applied to sugarcane irrigation: Influence of irrigation criterion and the probability levels of evapotranspiration and precipitation The adverse environmental factors, of which drought is the most severe agriculture limitation, account for about 70% of yield losses worldwide. The irrigation of sugarcane is today one of the main technological alternatives to increase the productivity, improving not only the field efficiency but also reducing the idleness of industrial plants. However, having up water availability for irrigation implies on the need of water rights for its catchment. The water right is one of six instruments of the Brazilian National Water Resources Policy (Federal Law no 9.433, January 08, 1997). This instrument aims to ensure the quantitative and qualitative control of water use and the effective exercise of the access rights to water resources. The calculation of the monthly flows to water rights for catchment in rivers of federal domain is currently obtained through estimated local data of probable effective rainfall and reference evapotranspiration, provided by the National Water Agency (ANA), crop parameters (time planting and crop coefficients kc), irrigated area and irrigation efficiency, in turn provided by the claimant of water right. Thus, as the primary hypothesis of this study that the calculation methodology of monthly flows of water right proposed by the ANA does not provide operational safety for large enterprises, since it does not have a suitable probabilistic character that takes into account the annual variation of rainfall and evapotranspiration, and also, as a secondary hypothesis that in determining the water rights flows through the methodology proposed by FAO (CROPWAT 8.0) is subject to vulnerabilities on the selecting criteria for the representative years (dry, average and wet year), both methodologies may be restricted the flow of catchment. This study aimed to compare these methodologies with a more detailed study of case, that takes into account the temporal variability of these estimates (time series), seeking to determine the influence of irrigation criterion and probability levels of occurrence of the reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and precipitation (PPT) in the determination of monthly flows rate of water right applied to sugarcane irrigation practices. It was evident that during the period between the months from April to September ("dry" period), the calculation methodology proposed by ANA supplied the project requirements. However, the period which are concentrated rainfall (October to March), this tended to underestimate the monthly values of water rights flows rate, as it does not provide an appropriate criterion to consider the annual weather variations of this element, limiting the water rights to an average probable condition. Though, given the difficulty of working with data time series analysis, year-on-year, it is understandable the use of simplified methodologies that facilitate these estimatives. Thus, the methodology proposed by FAO (years simulations with different theoretical probability "attainable" values of PPT annual accumulated), as well as the alternative method proposed in this study (PPT accumulated in dry period) approached or even exceeded the "ideal" condition, however, the determination of these years did not take into account the distribution of rainfall accumulated (within the period considered) an thus, the methodology presented limitations.

Cálculo das vazões de outorga na irrigação de cana-de-açúcar: Influência do critério de irrigação e dos níveis de probabilidade de evapotranspiração e precipitação