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Toxicity of neonicotinoid insecticides on the psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) and the parasitoid Tamarixia radiata (Waterson) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) The neonicotinoids insecticides are currently the main chemical group used for controlling sucking pests and represent a good option for the control of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama. Another control alternative of this pest is the exploitation of parasitoid Tamarixia radiata (Waterson). The compatibility of these control strategies could be very helpful for the implementation of integrated pest management program in citrus. However, there are few studies on the characterization of the susceptibility of D. citri to neonicotinoid insecticides and the evaluation of the impact of these insecticides on T. radiata. Therefore, the objectives of this research were to evaluate the susceptibility of D. citri to neonicotinoid insecticides, to monitor the susceptibility to these insecticides in D. citri populations collected from different citrus groves in the State of São Paulo, and to evaluate the lethal and sublethal effects of these insecticides on T. radiata. The insecticides evaluated in this study were: thiamethoxam, thiacloprid e imidacloprid. A residual contact bioassay was used to characterize the susceptibility of D. citri to these insecticides. A diagnostic concentration bioassays based on lethal concentration 95 (LC95) of each insecticide were used for monitoring the susceptibility of D. citri populations. The lethal and sublethal effects of these insecticides on T. radiata were conducted by using direct contact bioassays on adult and pupal stages of T. radiata, residual contact bioassays and persistence of biological activity of these insecticides on citrus leaf surface. Among the neonicotinoid insecticides tested, the highest toxicity was observed with thiametoxam, followed by imidacloprid and thiaclopid. A significant difference in the susceptitibity to neonicotinoid insecticides was detected in D. citri populations. For thiamethoxam, the survivorship at diagnostic concentration varied from 5.5 to 16%, for thiacloprid varied from 4.5 to 22.5 %, and for imidacloprid from 4 to 14%. The toxicity of these insecticides was high to adult and pupal stages of T. radiata. However, the sublethal effects of these insecticides at 10% of the recommended rate on pupae stage caused the reduction of the parasitism capacity only with thiamethoxam. The emergence, longevity and sexual ratio of T. radiata were not affected by any insecticide tested. The residual toxicity of thiametoxam, thiacloprid and imidaclopid sprayed on citrus seedling leaves was relatively high to D. citri adults and lasted at least 14 days.

Toxicidade de inseticidas neonicotinóides sobre o psilídeo Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) e o parasitóide Tamarixia radiata (Waterson) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)