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Nitrogen and sulfur balance in the soil-sugarcane system during the plant cane cycle This work's objective was to evaluate the use and distribution of nitrogen and sulfur added to the soil as fertilizers in the soil-sugarcane system (plant cane), using the stable isotopes N and S. The study also aimed to evaluate the contribution of nitrogen mineralized from sugar cane crop residues labeled with N and incorporated into the soil, in a condition similar to that found in the renovation of a sugarcane plantation without burning the trash. Losses of N and S from the soil and from the fertilizers via leaching were quantified. Sugarcane responses in terms of yield and plant cane quality to N and S fertilization at planting were determined, and the N and S final balances in the soil-sugarcane system were calculated. The research was conducted at the Apta 15 Experiment Station in Piracicaba/SP, using 220 L-capacity plastic pots filled with approximately 250 kg of a sandy-textured soil. Two experiments were conducted simultaneously in a random block experimental design with four replicates. The first experiment consisted of a full 4 X 2 factorial arrangement (four N doses: 0, 1.2, 2.4, and 3.6 g N pot and two S doses: 0 and 2.1 g S pot) and application of isotopically labeled fertilizers (N10% in atoms and S9.5% in atoms) and crop residues (dry leaves, shoots and roots + rhizomes) without isotopic labeling. The second experiment consisted of five treatments involving those N and S level combinations, except that they received isotopically labeled crop residues (N0.827% in atoms). Crop residues and lime were added to the soil surface layer (0-25cm). The treatments were applied after liming, and planting was accomplished by transplanting three buds per pot of sugarcane cultivar SP 80-3280. The experiments lasted 16 months. The increased N extraction provided by increased fertilizer N doses resulted in S-extraction synergism. In the conditions of this study, under nitrogen nutrition limitation in plant cane, S fertilization in association with N fertilization did not result in a synergistic crop productivity effect; however, there was a productivity response to increasing N doses, without response to S application. S leaching (fertilizer S and native S from the soil) decreased as N doses increased. The final N balance indicated a 35% utilization by plants of fertilizer-N and 14% of crop residue-N, with residual effects in those sources of 34 and 75% N, respectively. The unaccounted N in the system were 10 and 31%, respectively, for crop residue-N and fertilizer-N sources, which were attributed to ammonia losses by volatilization from the soil and via the above-ground part of the plant, and to denitrification. A 32% utilization of fertilizer-S by the plants was verified in the final S balance, with a residual effect in the soil of 43% of fertilization. S not accounted for in the system reached a maximum value of 10% of the total applied, attributed to losses by SO2 volatilization via the above-ground part of the sugarcane plants.

Balanço de nitrogênio e enxofre no sistema solo-cana-de-açúcar no ciclo de cana-planta